O aleitamento materno e as doenças alérgicas na primeira infância: uma revisão sistemática
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Introdução: As alergias são consideradas um problema crescente de saúde pública, e medidas profiláticas e terapêuticas dessas doenças devem ser estudadas. Objetivo: Revisar e compilar dados de estudos que analisaram o tipo e tempo de aleitamento na modulação de doenças alérgicas na infância. Fonte de dados: Realizou-se revisão sistemática seguindo as diretrizes internacionais PRISMA, nas bases PubMed, Scopus e Scielo, sem restrições cronológicas ou de linguagem. Os descritores usados foram padronizados de acordo com a plataforma MeSH terms. Os critérios de inclusão determinavam ser artigos originais com relação direta sobre amamentação, alergias e indivíduos na infância Síntese dos dados: Foram identificadas 457 publicações, das quais 22 artigos originais foram incluídos no estudo. Quinze estudos apresentaram relação positiva do aleitamento materno com a prevenção de doenças
alérgicas; cinco, relação negativa; e três mostraram que não há relação. Grande parte dos estudos não considerou parâmetros de confusão - status atópico dos pais, parto cesáreo ou vaginal, número de irmãos e exposição ao tabaco - que podem mascarar o resultado da pesquisa. A maior parte dos estudos feitos em regiões geográficas semelhantes apresentou resultados semelhantes e divergentes de regiões com estilo de vida e dieta diferentes. Conclusões: O aparecimento das doenças alérgicas pode ser modulado através da amamentação, sendo que o aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses e complementar até os dois anos apresentou-se majoritariamente benéfico. A região geográfica do estudo é um parâmetro que deve ser analisado, pois influencia na dieta/hábitos maternos e na composicão do leite.
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