Aspectos clínicos do coronavírus em pediatria
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
Este artigo revisa os principais aspectos epidemiológicos, apresentação clínica e tratamento da infecção causada pelo novo vírus, denominada Covid-19, na população pediátrica. As reduzidas taxas de adoecimento descritas nesta população e os diversos fenótipos clínicos de apresentação nesta faixa etária fazem com que os estudos agrupando casos bem documentados sejam realizados urgentemente, a fim de que os serviços de Pediatria das mais diversas esferas possam se organizar para um futuro ainda obscuro e de incertezas.
Downloads
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Referências
1. You D, Hug L, Ejdemyr S, Idele P, Hogan D, Mathers C, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Interagency. Group for Child Mortality estimation. Lancet. 2015;386:2275-86.
2. World Health Organization; The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Geneva: WHO;2013.
3. Jartti T, Jartti L, Ruuskanen O, Söderlund-Venermo M. New respiratory viralinfections. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(3):271-8.
4. Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; c1946[cited 2020 Sep 25]. Disponivel em: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/.
5. Simoes EA. Environmental and demographic risk factors for respiratory syncytialvirus lower respiratory tract disease. J Pediatr. 2003;143(5 supl):S118-126.
6. Allander T, Tammi MT, Eriksson M, Bjerkner A, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Andersson B. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12891-6.
7. Christensen A, Nordbo SA, Krokstad S, Rognlien AGW, Dollner H. Human bocavirus commonly involved in multiple viral airway infections. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2008;41:34-7.
8. Schildgen O. Human bocavirus: Increasing evidence for virulence. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2010;45(2):118-9.
9. van den Hoogen BG, de Jong JC, Groen J, Kuiken T, de Groot R, Fouchier RA, et al. A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat Med. 2001;7(6):719-24.
10. Van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, Vermeulen-Oost W, Berkhout RJ, Wolthers KC et al. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med. 2004;10(4):368-73.
11. Williams JV, Harris PA, Tollefson SJ, Halburnt-Rush LL, Pingsterhaus JM, Edwards KM, et al. Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(5):443-50.
12. Jacques J, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Moret H, Carquin J, Brodard V, Lina B, et al. Association of respiratory picornaviruses with acute bronchiolitis in French infants. J. Clin Virol. 2006;35(4):463-6.
13. Broberg E, Niemela J, Lahti E, Hyypiä T, Ruuskanen O, Waris M. Human rhinovirus C - associated severe pneumonia in a neonate. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2011;51(1):79-82.
14. Korppi M, Kotaniemi-Syrjänen A, Waris M, Vainionpää R, Reijonen TM. Rhinovirus- associated wheezing in infancy: comparison with respiratory syncytial vírus bronchiolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(11):995-9.
15. Esper F, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS. Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and Young children. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:492-8.
16. Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, et al. Emergence of a Novel Swine Origin Influenza A (H1N1) vírus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(25):2605-15.
17. Van der Hoek L, Ihorst G, Sure K, Vabret A, Dijkman R, de Vries M, Forster J, Berkhout B, Uberla K. Burden of disease due to human coronavirus NL63 infections and periodicity of infection. J Clin Virol. 2010;48(2):104-8.
18. Jacques J, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Moret H, Carquin J, Brodard V, Lina B, et al. Association of respiratory picornaviruses with acute bronchiolitis in French infants. J. Clin Virol. 2006;35(4):463-6.
19. Dijkman, R., Jebbink, M. F., Gaunt, E., Rossen, J. W., Templeton, K. E., Kuijpers, T.W. & 468 van der Hoek, L. The dominance of human coronavirus OC43 and NL63 infections in infants. J Clin Virol. 2012;53(2):135-139.
20. Williams JV, Harris PA, Tollefson SJ, Halburnt-Rush LL, Pingsterhaus JM, Edwards KM, et al. Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(5):443-50.
21. Petrosillo N, Viceconte G, Ergonul O, Ippolito G, Petersen E. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clin. Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(6):729-734.
22. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl. J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
23. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiological Characteristics of 2143 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China. Pediatrics. 2020 Mar 16. pii: e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702.
24. Weiyong Liu, Ph.D.,Qi Zhang, Ph.D.Junbo Chen, Ph.D.Rong Xiang, Ph.D.Huijuan Song, M.Sc.Sainan Shu, M.D. Ling Chen, M.D. Detection of COVID-19 in Children in Early January 2020 in Wuhan, ChinaN Engl J Med 2020; 382:1370-1371 doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2003717.
25. Petter Brodin. Why is COVID-19 so mild in children? Acta Pædiatrica. 2020 Jun;109 (6) Pages 1082-1083. doi:10.1111/apa.15271. Epub 2020 Apr 15.
26. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children show milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020. Jun;109(6):1088-1095 doi:10.1111/apa.15270
27. World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim guidance 13 March 2020. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acuterespiratoryinfection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected. Acesso em 21 abril de 2020.
28. Panupattanapong S, Brooks EB. New spectrum of COVID-19 manifestations in children: Kawasaki-like syndrome and hyperinflammatory response. Cleve Clin J Med [Internet]. 2020 Jun 03; [Epub ahead of print]. doi: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc039)
29. Piccolo V, Neri I, Filippeschi C, Oranges T, Argenziano G, Battarra VC, et al. Chilblain-like lesions during COVID-19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 2020. Epub 2020/04/25. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16526.
30. Recalcati S, Barbagallo T, Frasin LA, Prestinari F, Cogliardi A, Provero MC, et al. Acral cutaneous lesions in the Time of COVID-19. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology JEADV. 2020. Epub 2020/04/25. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16533.
31. Fogarty H, Townsend L, Ni Cheallaigh C, Bergin C, Martin-Loeches I, Browne P, et al. COVID-19 Coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. British journal of haematology. 2020. Epub 2020/04/25. doi: 10.1111/bjh.16749.
32. Galván Casas C, Catalá A, Carretero Hernández G, Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Fernández-Nieto D, Rodríguez-Villa Lario A, et al. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2020. Epub: 2020 April 29. doi: 10.1111/BJD.19163.
33. Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, Hogan CA, Yeh D, Bradley Segal J, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki Disease: Novel Virus and Novel Case. Hosp Pediatr. 2020 Apr 7.
34. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Guidance: Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2020.
35. New York City Health Department. 2020 Health Alert #13: Pediatric Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome Potentially Associated with COVID-19. New York: New York City Health Department; 2020. Disponível em: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/han/alert/2020/COVID-19-pediatric-multisysteminflammatory-syndrome.pdf.
36. Santé Publique France. COVID-19 chez l'enfant : état des connaissances en amont de la réouverture des écoles. Paris: Santé publique France; 2020 [10/05/2020]. Dispoonivel em: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/les-actualites/2020/COVID-19-chez-l-enfant-etat-des-connaissances-enamont-de-la-reouverture-des-ecoles.;
37. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, Martelli L, Ruggeri M, Ciuffreda M, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasakilike disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. The Lancet. 2020 May 13.
38. Slaughter G, Favaro A, St Philip E. Canadian doctors investigate possible link between COVID-19 and rare children's disease Toronto: CTV News; 2020 [11/05/2020]. Disponivel: https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canadian-doctors-investigate-possible-link-between-COVID-19- and-rare-children-s-disease-1.4922856.
39. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Internet]. Solna: ECDC; c2005-2019 [cited 2020 May 15]. Rapid risk assessment: Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS -CoV-2 infection in children; [about 18 screens]. Disponível em: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/paediatric-inflammatory-multisystem-syndrome-and-SARS-CoV2-rapid-risk-assessment
40. Ramcharan T, Nolan O, Lai CY, Prabhu N, Krishnamurthy R, Richter AG, et al. Paediatric inflammatory multisystemic syndrome: temporally associated with SARS-CoV2 (PIMS-TS): cardiac features, management and short-term outcomes at a UK tertiary paediatric hospital. Pediatr Cardiol [Internet]. 2020 Jun 12; [Epub ahead of print]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-020-02391-2
41. Belhadjer Z, Méot M, Bajolle F, Khraiche D, Legendre A, Abakka S, et al. Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the context of global SARS-CoV2 pandemic. Circulation. 2020 Mai 17; [Epub ahead of print]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048360
42. Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, Yan K, Xiao F, Shao J, Zhou W. Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV2 in 33 Neonates Born to Mothers With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Jul 1;174(7):722-725. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0878. PMID: 32215598; PMCID: PMC7099530.
43. She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic: Disease characteristics in children. J. Med Virol. 2020 Mar 31. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25807.
44. Brasil: Ministério da Saúde [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; c2017 [cited 2020 Apr 21]. Coronavírus COVID-19- Protocolos e orientações aos profissionais e serviços de saúde: Fluxo de manejo clínico pediátrico na atenção especializada; [about 2 screens]. Disponível em: https://www.conasems.org.br/COVID-19-protocolos-e-orientacoes-aosprofissionais-eservicos-de-saude/.
45. Moore N, Carleton B, Blin P, Bosco-Levy P, Droz C. Does Ibuprofen Worsen COVID-19?. Drug Saf. 2020;43(7):611-614. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-00953-0
46. Shen k, Yang Y, Wang T, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts' consensus statement World J Pediatr. Disponível em https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7.)
47. Kneyber MCJ. Practice recommendations for the management of children with suspected or proven COVID-19 infections from the Paediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference (PEMVECC) and the section Respiratory Failure from the European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC). A consensus statement. Paediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference Section Respiratory Failure - European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care. 2020.
48. Cao YC, Deng QX, Dai SX. Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence.Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 May-Jun;101647. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647.
49. Azevedo TCP, Azevedo PCP, Silveira Filho RN, et al. Use of remdesivir for patients with COVID-19: a review article. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020;66(6):838-841. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.66.6.838.
50. National Health Service [Internet]. England: NHS Clinical guide for the management of paediatric patients during the coronavirus pandemic. Specialty guides for patient management during the coronavirus pandemic. [cited 2020 Mar 17]. Disponível em:https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/03/Specialty-guide_paediatricsandcoronavirus_V1_17-March.pdf .
51. Bacharier LB, Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, Boehmer S, Beigelman A, Fitzpatrick AM et al. Early Administration of Azithromycin and Prevention of Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Preschool Children With a History of Such Illnesses: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015;314(19):2034-2044
52. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 20;105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
53. Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria [Internet]. Rio de Janeiro: SBP; c 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 22]. Orientações aos pacientes e cuidadores de crianças com asma na pandemia de COVID-19; [about 2 screens]. Disponível em: https://www.sbp.com.br/imprensa/detalhe/nid/sbpdivulga-orientacoes-a-pacientes-e-cuidadores-de-criancas-com-asmadurante-a-pandemia-do-COVID-19/.
54. Gavioli EM, Sikorska G, Man A, Rana J, Vider E. Current Perspectives of Anticoagulation in Patients With COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020 Aug;76(2):146-150. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000861. PMID: 32569013.
55. Lu X, Zang l, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY et al. SARS-CoV2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 23;382:1663-1665.